Breast cancer & symptoms
Key facts Overview When aberrant breast cells proliferate uncontrollably and develop into tumors, it is known as breast cancer. The tumors have the potential to spread throughout the body and become lethal if untreated. The milk ducts and/or the breast’s milk-producing lobules are where breast cancer cells start. The earliest type, known as in situ, is detectable in its early stages and poses no harm to life. Cancer cells have the ability to invade neighboring breast tissue. Tumors resulting from this induce thickening or lumps. It is possible for invasive tumors to metastasis, or spread, to other organs or surrounding lymph nodes. Metastasis can be deadly and life-threatening. The milk ducts and/or the breast’s milk-producing lobules are where breast cancer cells start. The earliest type, known as in situ, is detectable in its early stages and poses no harm to life. Cancer cells have the ability to invade neighboring breast tissue. Tumors resulting from this induce thickening or lumps. It is possible for invasive tumors to metastasis, or spread, to other organs or surrounding lymph nodes. Problems In 2022, 2.3 million women received a breast cancer diagnosis, and 670,000 people died from the disease worldwide. In any nation on earth, breast cancer can strike women at any age after puberty, though its incidence rises with age. Global estimations show glaring disparities in the incidence of breast cancer based on human development. For example, 1 in 12 women may receive a breast cancer diagnosis over their lifetime and 1 in 71 will pass away from the disease in nations with extremely high Human Development Indexes (HDIs). In comparison, 1 in 48 women will die from breast cancer in nations with a low HDI, even though only 1 in 27 women will receive a breast cancer diagnosis during their lifetime. Risk The biggest risk factor for breast cancer is being a woman. Women are affected by breast cancer in about 99% of cases, while men are affected in 0.5–1% of cases. Men with breast cancer are treated according to the same management guidelines as women. Age, obesity, hazardous alcohol use, radiation exposure history, family history of breast cancer, reproductive history (including the age at which menstruation started and the age of the first pregnancy), tobacco use, postmenopausal hormone therapy, and other factors all raise the risk of breast cancer. Approximately 50% of breast cancers occur in women who have no discernible risk factors for the disease other than their age (over 40) and gender (female). Although the majority of women who are diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a known family history of the disease, having a family history of breast cancer increases the chance of developing breast cancer. A woman is not always at lower risk just because her family history is unknown. The most common inherited high penetrance gene mutations that significantly raise the risk of breast cancer are those in the BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB-2 genes. Women who have mutations in these key genes may think about risk-reduction measures like chemoprevention or surgically removing both breasts. Signs and symptoms Early detection is crucial because the majority of people won’t exhibit any symptoms when the cancer is still in its early stages. Combinations of symptoms are common in breast cancer, particularly in more advanced stages. Breast cancer symptoms can include: Even if an atypical breast lump doesn’t ache, people should still get medical attention. Most bumps on the breast are not cancerous. Cancerous breast lumps that are tiny and have not migrated to neighboring lymph nodes have a better chance of being effectively treated. Breast cancers can cause additional symptoms and spread to other parts of the body. Although it is possible to have cancer-bearing lymph nodes that are not palpable, the lymph nodes under the arm are frequently the most frequently found initial site of dissemination. Cancerous cells have the potential to spread over time to other organs, such as the brain, liver, lungs, and bones. New cancer-related symptoms, such headaches or bone pain, may manifest once they reach these locations. Treatment The subtype of breast cancer and the extent to which it has spread to lymph nodes (stages II or III) or other regions of the body (stage IV) determine the course of treatment. To reduce the likelihood that the cancer will return (recur), doctors combine different treatments. These consist of: Breast cancer treatments that are initiated early and completed are more effective and more tolerated. Surgery can remove the entire breast (mastectomy) or just the malignant tissue (lumpectomy). In order to determine whether the cancer has the potential to spread, surgery may also remove lymph nodes. Radiation therapy reduces the likelihood of cancer reoccurring on the chest wall and treats microscopic malignancies that are still present in the breast tissue and/or lymph nodes. Although they are not always unpleasant, advanced malignancies can erode through the skin to produce open sores, or ulcerations. Women who have non-healing breast sores should see a doctor so that a biopsy can be done. The biological characteristics of breast cancer, as identified by specialized testing (tumor marker determination), are taken into consideration when choosing medications to treat the disease. The WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) already includes the vast majority of medications used to treat breast cancer. For aggressive tumors, lymph nodes are removed during cancer surgery. In the past, it was believed that in order to stop cancer from spreading, the lymph node bed beneath the arm had to be completely removed (full axillary dissection). Due to its lower risk of problems, a smaller lymph node operation known as “sentinel node biopsy” is currently recommended. Based on the biological subtyping of the malignancies, medical treatments for breast cancers can be administered either before (“neoadjuvant”) or after (“adjuvant”) surgery. Triple negative breast cancer, which does not express the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), or HER-2 receptor, is one of the more aggressive forms of the disease. Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors are examples of endocrine (hormone) therapy that are likely
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